Īfter emigration to Medina, Muhammad drafted the constitution, "establishing a kind of alliance or federation" of the eight Medinan tribes and Muslim emigrants from Mecca and specifying the rights and duties of all citizens and the relationship of the different communities in Medina, including that of the Muslim community to other communities: the Jews and the other " Peoples of the Book". The delegation from Medina pledged themselves and their fellow citizens to accept Muhammad into their community and to protect him physically as if he was one of them. The recurring slaughters and disagreements over the resulting claims, especially after the Battle of Bu'ath in which all the clans had been involved, made it obvious to them that the tribal conceptions of blood feud and an eye for an eye were no longer workable unless there was one man with the authority to adjudicate in disputed cases. There had been fighting in Medina involving mainly its pagan and Jewish inhabitants for around 100 years before 620. In Muhammad's last years in Mecca, a delegation from Medina from its twelve important clans invited him as a neutral outsider to serve as the chief arbitrator for the entire community. The numbering of clauses differs in different sources, but there is general agreement on the authenticity of the most widely-read version of the charter, which is found in Ibn Ishaq's Sirah Rasul Allah. The division of the constitution into numbered articles is not in the original text but added later by scholars. It declared the role of Medina as a ḥaram ( حرم, "sacred place"), where no blood of the peoples included in the pact can be spilled. It declared "a woman can only be hosted by a host with the consent of her family" and imposed a tax system for supporting the community in times of conflict. It assured that representatives of all parties, Muslim or non-Muslim, should be present when consultation occurs or in cases of negotiation with foreign states. The document ensured freedom of religious beliefs and practices for all citizens who "follow the believers". Establishing the role of Muhammad as the mediating authority between the two groups and the others in Medina was central to the ending of Medinan internal violence and was an essential feature of the constitution. The constitution was created to end the bitter intertribal fighting between the rival clans of Banu Aws and Banu Khazraj in Medina and to maintain peace and co-operation among all Medinan groups. The constitution formed the basis of a multi-religious Islamic state in Medina. The constitution also established Muhammad as the mediating authority between groups and forbids the waging of war without his authorization.
The Jewish Banu Shutayba tribe is inserted as one of the Jewish groups, rather than with the nine tribes mentioned earlier in the document. Eight Jewish groups are recognized as part of the Yathrib community, and their religious separation from Muslims is established. The first constituent group mentioned are the Qurayshi migrants, followed by eight other tribes. It established the collective responsibility of nine constituent tribes for their members' actions, specifically emphasising blood money and ransom payment. The preamble declares the document to be "a book of the prophet Muhammad to operate between the believers and Muslims from the Quraysh tribe and from Yathrib and those who may be under them and wage war in their company" declaring them to constitute "one community separate from all other people". The Constitution of Medina ( دستور المدينة, Dustūr al-Madīnah), also known as the Charter of Medina ( Arabic: صحيفة المدينة, Ṣaḥīfat al-Madīnah or: ميثاق المدينة, Mīthāq al-Madina "Covenant of Medina"), was drawn up on behalf of the Islamic prophet Muhammad shortly after his arrival at Medina (then known as Yathrib) in 622 CE (or 1 AH), following the Hijra from Mecca.
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